The immigration process in Canada involves a number of moving parts, including the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, regulations and policy, and stakeholders like lawyers and consultants, IRCC and CBSA officers, and the Federal Court of Canada. Decisions made by front line decision makers (IRCC and CBSA Officers and tribunals) can be challenged through judicial review (and sometimes before the IRB), but the Federal Court's role is limited to determining if the decision is reasonable and if there is a reviewable error. It cannot substitute a different decision and is confined to the record below and cannot usually consider new evidence. Therefore, it is important for an immigration practitioner to provide the best possible application at the outset to ensure the best outcome and avoid refusal. Immigrating to another country can be complex. The applicant likely has to navigate policy, procedure and legal requirements. This is true even of relatively straightforward applications, such as visitor visas or applications to reunite with family members. The system is complex and is made up of a number of moving parts and stakeholders. The immigration system includes: The jurisprudence (the law --the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act or Citizenship Act); Regulations and policy (the...
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